History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations

As the British Empire began its process of decolonization and the creation of independent states from former British colonies, there arose a need for an organization of countries formerly part of the Empire. In 1884, Lord Rosebery, a British politician, described the changing British Empire as a Commonwealth of Nations. Thus, in 1931, the British Commonwealth of Nations was founded under the Statute of Westminster with five initial members - the United Kingdom, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa. (Ireland permanently left the Commonwealth in 1949, Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949, and South Africa left in 1961 due to apartheid but rejoined in 1994 as the Republic of South Africa). Commonwealth of Nations Rebrand In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the new country desired to become a Republic and to not utilize the monarchy as their head of state. The London Declaration of 1949 modified the requirement that members must view the monarchy as their head of state to require that countries recognize the monarchy as simply the leader of the Commonwealth. With this adjustment, additional countries joined the Commonwealth as they gained independence from the United Kingdom so today there are fifty-four member countries. Of the fifty-four, thirty-three are republics (such as India), five have their own monarchies (such as Brunei Darussalam), and sixteen are a constitutional monarchy with the sovereign of the United Kingdom as their head of state (such as Canada and Australia). Although membership requires having been a former dependency of the United Kingdom or a dependency of a dependency, former Portuguese colony Mozambique became a member 1995 under special circumstances due to Mozambiques willingness to support the Commonwealths fight against apartheid in South Africa. Policies The Secretary-General is elected by the Heads of Government of the membership and can serve two four-year terms. The position of Secretary-General was established in 1965. The Commonwealth Secretariat has its headquarters in London and is composed of 320 staff members from the member countries. The Commonwealth maintains its own flag. The purpose of the voluntary Commonwealth is for international cooperation and to advance economics, social development, and human rights in member countries. Decisions of the various Commonwealth councils are non-binding. The Commonwealth of Nations supports the Commonwealth Games, which is a sporting event held every four years for member countries. A Commonwealth Day is celebrated on the second Monday in March. Each year carries a different theme but each country can celebrate the day as they choose. The population of the 54 member states exceeds two billion, about 30% of the world population (India is responsible for a majority of the Commonwealths population).

Writing a Reaserch Paper - a Quick Overview

Writing a Reaserch Paper - a Quick Overview Vital Pieces of Writing a Reaserch Paper In truth, it's not that simple when it has to do with the procedure for writing every page. The paper might also be organized poorly in regard to paragraphs and sentence structure. For instance, if you're writing a paper on the Revolutionary War, you might want to read American history books that handle the subject. Writing a paper beforehand also enables the opportunity to devote adequate time proofreading and editing. If you are searching for an excellent American history high school curriculum look no more. Thus, as soon as a student approaches a portal for help in a particular subject, an expert who's specialized in that subject is requested to offer their services. Don't forget, even the most seasoned academic veterans have been required to learn to compose a research paper at some time in their career. As soon as you know there'll be a necessary research paper for credit for the class , visit the campus library and investigate possible topics. When you compose a research paper you build upon what you know about the topic and make a deliberate attempt to learn what experts know. You should keep tabs on your research. Create guidelines of what you would like to achieve in your research. There is an assortment of approaches it is possible to think of when it has to do with conducting a research and documenting it. Writing a Reaserch Paper for Dummies Before you begin with the paper, it is recommended to dive into the subject or subject. Write down any questions you may have. Don't hesitate to drop me a line in case you have any questions or comments. To start with, it's the price of writing a research paper. Secondly, additionally, it is important to begin on writing new research papers when well-rested and in a great spirit. Basically, the introduction is a summary or overview of the entire research paper. Writing the debut of a research paper can end up being difficult should you not stick to a systematic metho d of doing it. When there's something subpar with your paper, you're absolutely free to ask for since many revisions you desire. For this reason, you're going to be using citations in your paper. Now you have an outline, you should proceed and begin drafting your paper. Writing the Paper There are 3 primary parts that you should divide your paper into. A great outline has become the most significant step in writing an excellent paper. Developing a great outline is vital in an additional composing of your research paper. There are a lot of books about how to do just about everything, and the majority of them now have cartoon characters in addition to humor and even jokes throughout them. After you pay to have a paper written, you place your academic destiny in the hands of somebody else. Of course, if it's the case that you attempt to turn in a typical paper done in the center of the night in a few hours, then it is a bit of cake, naturally. However long your paper must be or how little time you need to complete it, there are a few general tips which will help you finish a first-rate research paper. Your write copy will be mailed to an individual. The title of your paper will be contingent upon the kind of paper you write and the research question you've chosen and it is advisable to to develop the title before you dive into the job. The paper ought to be consistent from the start to the very end. At times, writing a 5-page paper is an issue of hours. Writing a Reaserch Paper: No Longer a Mystery You should come across enough secondary and primary credible sources on the topic of your paper, carefully read all them, and find relevant proof to support your thesis. The intention of the paper needs to be stated at the start, followed by a description of the issue, the method of solution, and any other information needed to properly qualify the results presented and the conclusions. It must add to the existing body of knowledge in the topic of research. A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge so as to get the best possible data in that area.

Ethical Issues with the Software Piracy Issue Free Essays

Computer ethics deals with moral responsibility of what is wrong and right. Based on ? Importance of Computer Ethics and Software Piracy? article, software piracy is copying, distributing, and using software or games without paying. Software Piracy is a form of ethical issue that is hard to solve in society, especially among students of Faculty of Computer Science University of Indonesia. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues with the Software Piracy Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on writer observation in campus, students are still using pirated software, including using, duplicating, and distributing it to their friends. This attitude of course violates developer’s intellectual property. The article also mentions about intellectual property and penalties for those who violate computer ethics laws. Intellectual property is including images, patents, procedures, videos, audios, and drawings. For those who violate someone’s intellectual property will be given penalties—paying hefty fines to extensive prison time. But even so, it seems the penalties are still blurring for students. Nowadays, information technology has widely grow and used by human. Computer technology, both hardware and software has been widely approved as an intellectual property. The fast growth of technology innovation, especially software, is open for public and can be easily accessed by public via internet. It is the same for software piracy. Serial key, hack-version, and more other ways are easily accessible and widely available. Based on ? Ethical Issues in Software Piracy? article, someone should have a moral responsibility in using software. So, from internal-self of user should be aware of someone’s intellectual property. W. D. Ross stated ? The Right and the Good? as our guideline to prove our moral responsibility toward software and/or its developer. Software piracy would cause loss of revenue for the developer. Thus, it will decrease developer’s motivation in designing new software. Impacts of software piracy explained above are mostly occurred because of human and economic factor. Based on the article, software piracy occurred mostly in developing-countries; because of their low economics (from GDP per capita), they find it harder to purchase software. Indonesia is one of developing-countries, so it can be concluded roughly that Indonesian people hard to pay for software. In smaller scale, Indonesian social levels have a representative number of users in technology. Social level is about divided in three level; low, medium, and high class. In Faculty of Computers and Society, students also varied in social level or economic level. Some students have Iphone, Windows Phone, or tablets, but some don’t. In general, there is no difference among those levels. Every student is using technology. But in majority, students didn’t put much attention toward software piracy issues. Those who have laptops may prefer using unlicensed operating system than using open source operating system. It is a form of software piracy—using without paying. In addition, current status of our community is still far from the word ? ethical?. We have not appreciating others’ property as well as we did to ourselves yet. The rule in ? Kode Etik Mahasiswa Fasilkom? , point two stated ? †¦including appreciates intellectual property?. Students of Faculty of Computer Science already know about this rule. In fact, it’s not the same as in the implementation, ignorance being a common habit. Ignorance regarding unlicensed software caused software piracy. Majority tend to have neither attention nor self-control in using unlicensed software. Some may didn’t know that it is unethical. But some maybe already know that what he/she doing is wrong, but even so he/she is still doing it just because everybody—community—is doing it. Our community is affecting us. A student may be an example for his/her friends or his/her community. He/she may use unlicensed software that is followed by others. This ignorance habit can damage our own personal ethical which embedded in our heart. Furthermore, we start believing that our wrong-doing is right. In analyzing software piracy, writer think students should have an awareness and moral responsibility. A developer of software may not know that his/her intellectual property was just being used irresponsibly. Student of Faculty of Computer Science should have known how hard it is to make software. They should have aware how long time needed, how many resources sacrificed by the developer to develop software. In student’s point of view, they need it but they don’t want to give more when people are not giving anything. For example, an antivirus should be bought for some prices, but some students found that there is a forever-renew-trial of the antivirus, so that they don’t have to pay. Along with economic principle, ? with less effort, can gain more? , we don’t want to sacrifice more than others. It became a serious problem. As a conclusion, how to overcome this issue? It is a professional standard, based on the article; Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) stated that any person who wants to join the ACM should accept ? Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct? which covers the ethical issues surrounding oftware piracy. Writer think we can do as ACM do. Article entitled ? The Rules? also stated that computer artifact—both software and hardware—has rules for both its developer and user, so that they will have morally ethical in developing or using software. It has seven rules which allow and avoid both developer and user to do something about the computer artifact. T hese rules should be well-applied as a solution for software piracy issue. In the top of those solutions, human factor is the main factor that we should pay more attention. References: 1. K. W. Miller, Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts: ? The Rules?. Illinois: IEEE, 2011. 2. Unknown. (2011). Kode Etik Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia [Online]. Available: http://scele. cs. ui. ac. id/file. php/1434/Kode_Etik_Mhsw_Fasilkom. pdf 3. Thurlow, Max. Ethical Issue in Software Piracy [Online]. Available: http://www. ehow. com/list_6669954_ethical-issues-software-piracy. html 4. Boone, Kevin, Importance of Computer Ethics and Software Piracy [Online]. Available: http://www. ehow. com/facts_5766300_importance-computer-ethics-software-piracy. html How to cite Ethical Issues with the Software Piracy Issue, Essay examples

Ethical Issues with the Software Piracy Issue Free Essays

Computer ethics deals with moral responsibility of what is wrong and right. Based on ? Importance of Computer Ethics and Software Piracy? article, software piracy is copying, distributing, and using software or games without paying. Software Piracy is a form of ethical issue that is hard to solve in society, especially among students of Faculty of Computer Science University of Indonesia. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues with the Software Piracy Issue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based on writer observation in campus, students are still using pirated software, including using, duplicating, and distributing it to their friends. This attitude of course violates developer’s intellectual property. The article also mentions about intellectual property and penalties for those who violate computer ethics laws. Intellectual property is including images, patents, procedures, videos, audios, and drawings. For those who violate someone’s intellectual property will be given penalties—paying hefty fines to extensive prison time. But even so, it seems the penalties are still blurring for students. Nowadays, information technology has widely grow and used by human. Computer technology, both hardware and software has been widely approved as an intellectual property. The fast growth of technology innovation, especially software, is open for public and can be easily accessed by public via internet. It is the same for software piracy. Serial key, hack-version, and more other ways are easily accessible and widely available. Based on ? Ethical Issues in Software Piracy? article, someone should have a moral responsibility in using software. So, from internal-self of user should be aware of someone’s intellectual property. W. D. Ross stated ? The Right and the Good? as our guideline to prove our moral responsibility toward software and/or its developer. Software piracy would cause loss of revenue for the developer. Thus, it will decrease developer’s motivation in designing new software. Impacts of software piracy explained above are mostly occurred because of human and economic factor. Based on the article, software piracy occurred mostly in developing-countries; because of their low economics (from GDP per capita), they find it harder to purchase software. Indonesia is one of developing-countries, so it can be concluded roughly that Indonesian people hard to pay for software. In smaller scale, Indonesian social levels have a representative number of users in technology. Social level is about divided in three level; low, medium, and high class. In Faculty of Computers and Society, students also varied in social level or economic level. Some students have Iphone, Windows Phone, or tablets, but some don’t. In general, there is no difference among those levels. Every student is using technology. But in majority, students didn’t put much attention toward software piracy issues. Those who have laptops may prefer using unlicensed operating system than using open source operating system. It is a form of software piracy—using without paying. In addition, current status of our community is still far from the word ? ethical?. We have not appreciating others’ property as well as we did to ourselves yet. The rule in ? Kode Etik Mahasiswa Fasilkom? , point two stated ? †¦including appreciates intellectual property?. Students of Faculty of Computer Science already know about this rule. In fact, it’s not the same as in the implementation, ignorance being a common habit. Ignorance regarding unlicensed software caused software piracy. Majority tend to have neither attention nor self-control in using unlicensed software. Some may didn’t know that it is unethical. But some maybe already know that what he/she doing is wrong, but even so he/she is still doing it just because everybody—community—is doing it. Our community is affecting us. A student may be an example for his/her friends or his/her community. He/she may use unlicensed software that is followed by others. This ignorance habit can damage our own personal ethical which embedded in our heart. Furthermore, we start believing that our wrong-doing is right. In analyzing software piracy, writer think students should have an awareness and moral responsibility. A developer of software may not know that his/her intellectual property was just being used irresponsibly. Student of Faculty of Computer Science should have known how hard it is to make software. They should have aware how long time needed, how many resources sacrificed by the developer to develop software. In student’s point of view, they need it but they don’t want to give more when people are not giving anything. For example, an antivirus should be bought for some prices, but some students found that there is a forever-renew-trial of the antivirus, so that they don’t have to pay. Along with economic principle, ? with less effort, can gain more? , we don’t want to sacrifice more than others. It became a serious problem. As a conclusion, how to overcome this issue? It is a professional standard, based on the article; Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) stated that any person who wants to join the ACM should accept ? Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct? which covers the ethical issues surrounding oftware piracy. Writer think we can do as ACM do. Article entitled ? The Rules? also stated that computer artifact—both software and hardware—has rules for both its developer and user, so that they will have morally ethical in developing or using software. It has seven rules which allow and avoid both developer and user to do something about the computer artifact. T hese rules should be well-applied as a solution for software piracy issue. In the top of those solutions, human factor is the main factor that we should pay more attention. References: 1. K. W. Miller, Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts: ? The Rules?. Illinois: IEEE, 2011. 2. Unknown. (2011). Kode Etik Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Indonesia [Online]. Available: http://scele. cs. ui. ac. id/file. php/1434/Kode_Etik_Mhsw_Fasilkom. pdf 3. Thurlow, Max. Ethical Issue in Software Piracy [Online]. Available: http://www. ehow. com/list_6669954_ethical-issues-software-piracy. html 4. Boone, Kevin, Importance of Computer Ethics and Software Piracy [Online]. Available: http://www. ehow. com/facts_5766300_importance-computer-ethics-software-piracy. html How to cite Ethical Issues with the Software Piracy Issue, Essay examples